Which type of evidence includes narratives or other non-numerical information (opinions, surveys)?

• A. Quantitative
• B. Objective
• C. Subjective
• D. Qualitative

Answer: (D)

Non-numerical evidence is described by qualitative data. This type captures descriptions, experiences, and meanings, using narratives, open-ended responses, opinions, and other descriptive content rather than numbers. Qualitative evidence helps you understand how people think and feel, what they experience, and why they act a certain way, through rich, contextual detail. For example, interviews or open-ended survey questions yield narratives that researchers analyze for themes and insights rather than statistical measurements.

Quantitative data, by contrast, relies on numbers, counts, and statistics. Objective describes bias-free information, while subjective refers to personal viewpoints, which can color interpretation but doesn’t define the data type itself. Because the prompt highlights narratives and non-numerical information, the best fit is qualitative.